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Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier (16 February 1790 - 2 December 1844) was a French inventor who was the first person to produce solid carbon dioxide ("dry ice"). ==Early years== Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier was born in Paris, France on 16 February 1790.〔Joost Mertens (2003) ("Du côté d’un chimiste nommé Thilorier: Balthazar Claës modèle d’Adrien Thilorier" ) (Towards a chemist named Thilorier: Balthazar Claës model Adrien Thilorier), ''L'Année balzacienne 2003'', 1 (4) : 251-263.〕 He was the son of a lawyer, Jean-Charles Thilorier (1756-1818).〔〔According to this source -- Frantz Funck-Brentano, (''L'Affaire du Collier'' ) (Affair of the Necklace ) (Paris, France: Librarie Hachette et Cie., 1901), page 281 footnote. -- Jean-Charles Thilorier was born in 1756 in la Rochelle, France, the son of a lawyer; he had two sons: Adrien and Nicolas-Charles. Available in English as: Frantz Funck-Brentano with H. Sutherland Edwards, trans., ''The Diamond Necklace'' … (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J.B. Lippincott, 1901), (footnotes on pages 284-285 ).〕 Jean-Charles achieved some notoriety:〔''Biographie Universelle Ancienne et Moderne'', 2nd ed. (Paris, France: Madame C. Desplaces, 1843-1865), vol. 41, (pages 376-377 ).〕 In 1786, he served as defense attorney to Count Alessandro di Cagliostro in the "Affair of the Queen's Necklace". In this affair, a French cardinal (the Cardinal de Rohan) tried to ingratiate himself with the queen of France (Marie Antoinette) by buying for her—through intermediaries—a diamond necklace. However, the intermediaries proved to be con men who defrauded the cardinal and the jewelers. Count Cagliostro was suspected of being involved in the fraud and was arrested, but Thilorier won a verdict of not guilty. Jean-Charles was also interested in science and mechanics: He invented a ''radeau-plongeur'' (diving wheel) to allow vehicles to cross rivers.〔See: * (Minutes of the meeting of January 20, 1795), ''Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie'' (of meetings of the Academy ) (Académie des sciences), 1 : (5 ), 7, and 33. * Jean-Charles Thilorier, ''Nouvelle théorie sur la navigation des fleuves'' (Paris, France: Imprimerie de la rue des Petits-Augustins, 1795).〕 In 1800, he designed a ''poêle fumivore'' (smoke-eating stove; i.e., smokeless stove).〔See: * Patent 192: Thilorier, ("Pour des poêles fumivores, … " ) (For smoke-eating stoves, … ), ''Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention'' … , 3 : 144-186 (1820) ; issued: June 30, 1800. * "Poêles fumivores de M. Thilorier" in: Ardenni and Julia de Fontelle with M.F. Malepeyre, eds., ''Nouveau Manuel Complet du Poelier-Fumiste, ou Traite complet de cet art'' … , 2nd ed. (Paris, France: Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, 1850), (pages 229-235 ).〕 In 1803, he published a pamphlet on meteorites,〔Jean-Charles Thilorier, ''Genèse philosophique, précédée d'une dissertation sur les pierres tombées du ciel'' (Paris, France: Imprimerie de Chaignieau Aine, 1803).〕 in 1812, he published a pamphlet on comets,〔Jean-Charles Thilorier, (''Découverte de la véritable cause de la queue des comètes'' ) … (of the true cause of tails of comets ) (Paris, France: Chaignieau Aîné, 1812)〕 and in 1815, he published a four-volume work on science.〔Jean-Charles Thilorier, ''Système universel, ou de l'Univers et de ses phénomèmes considérés comme les effets d'une cause unique'' (system, or on the universe and its phenomena considered as the effects of a single cause ) (Paris, France: Self-published, 1815).〕 Nothing is known about where Adrien Thilorier received his scientific education, although his father obviously was interested in the subject. Adrien may have been trained as a lawyer.〔Frantz Funck-Brentano (February 1, 1901) "Le Collier de la Riene" (The Queen's necklace), ''La Revue de Paris'', 1 (3) : 626-652 ; see especially the footnote on (page 629 ). From page 629: "''Jean-Jacques Thilorier mourut le 20 juin 1818. 7. rue Neuve-des-Capucines, avec le titre d'avocat aux Conseils du roi. Il était âgé de soixante-deux ans. Il laissiat deux fils dont l'un, Adrien-Jean-Pierre, fut lui-même avocat''." (Jean-Jacques Thilorier (is an error; his correct name was Jean-Charles Thilorier ) died on June 20, 1818, at 7 Neuve-des-Capucines Street, with the title lawyer to the King's Council. He was age 62 years. He left two sons, one of whom, Adrien-Jean-Pierre, was himself a lawyer.) 〕 Mention of Adrien's technical work first appeared in 1826: he developed and patented a "hydrostatic lamp" for lighthouses.〔Patent 4913: Adrien-Jean Thilorier, ("Pour une lampe hydrostatique," ) ''Description des machines et procédés spécifiés'' … , 44 : 416-429 (1841); issued: May 12, 1826.〕 As the lamp burned and consumed its oil, a dense aqueous solution of zinc sulfate flowed from the solution's reservoir into the oil reservoir, displacing the oil and thereby maintaining a steady flow of oil to the lamp's wick.〔For a detailed description and explanation of the hydrostatic lamp, see: Edmund Ronalds and Thomas Richardson, ''Chemical Technology; or Chemistry in its applications to the arts and manufactures'', 2nd ed. (London, England: H. Baillière, 1855), vol. 1, part ii, (pages 486-488. )〕 By 1828, competing versions of Thilorier's lamp had appeared on the market, and Thilorier was upset by what he regarded as patent infringement. (It should be noted that Thilorier's lamp was a refinement of similar "hydrostatic lamps", which had been patented by the Girard brothers on 15 December 1804 and by Mr. Verzy on 8 March 1810.) Thilorier asked the French Academy of Sciences to investigate the matter, which they did; but Thilorier didn't receive much satisfaction as the Academy simply stated that the lamps of Thilorier and his competitors were all better than those of the Girard brothers.〔(Minutes of the meeting of 15 December 1828), ''Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie'' (of meetings of the Academy ) (Académie des sciences), 9 : (161-163 ) (1828-1831 ; published: 1921).〕 Nevertheless, Thilorier continued to patent improvements to his lamp in 1828 and 1832〔 and in 1835.〔''La France industrielle'', 2 (14) : (186 ) (May 1835).〕 In 1835, Thilorier, with Mr. Serrurot (a lamp maker), received a patent for an improved lamp, which was called a ''lampe-autostatique''.〔''La France industrielle'', 2 (14) : (188 ) (May 1835).〕 In 1837, Thilorier, with Mssrs. Serrurot and Sorel, received a patent for an apparatus that heated liquids by using thermal expansion of the liquid and a siphon to circulate liquids between a heater and a holding tank.〔Patent 5096: Sorel, Thilorier, and Serrurot, ("Pour le chauffage des liquides par circulation" ) (On the heating of liquids by circulation), ''Description des machines et procédés spécifiés'' … , 46 : 71-74 (1842); issued January 11, 1837. The apparatus is illustrated in the lower right-hand corner of (page 517 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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